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Harmful algal blooms: mechanisms, monitoring, and prevention in a rapidly changing world
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Marine benthic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) from Rawa Island, Terengganu, Malaysia, with a description of Prorocentrum malayense sp. nov.
P-B1-01-S
Zhen Fei Lim* , Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
Zhaohe Luo, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China
Li Keat Lee, Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
Kieng Soon Hii, Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
Sing Tung Teng, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Leo Lai Chan, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
Bernd Krock, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Haifeng Gu, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China
Chui Pin Leaw, Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
Po Teen Lim, Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
Presenter Email: limzfrc@hotmail.com |
| Prorocentrum is a genus of harmful microalgal species that exists as both planktic and benthic dinoflagellates. Species of Prorocentrum were distinguished by morphological characteristics including cell shape, pore ornamentation, presence of apical spine, periflagellar ornamentation and platelet arrangement. Some species of Prorocentrum were known to produce okadaic acid (OA) and responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. In this study, clonal cultures of Prorocentrum were established from Rawa Island, Terengganu, Malaysia. Individual strains were identified through light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and molecular phylogeny. Cultures identified included P. lima, P. concavum, P. caipirignum, P. cf. emarginatum, P. mexicanum and a new morphotype. The morphotype resembled P. leve in general, but differed by having larger pore size, and a more deeply excavated periflagellar area. Platelet 2 is the most excavated platelet on the left plate and platelet 6 is divided into platelet 6a and 6b. The phylogenetic trees of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA gene and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) depicted the monophyly of the new morphotype and supported the lineage delineation. Pairwise comparison of the ITS2 transcript between the morphotype and P. leve showed the presence of compensatory base changes (CBCs) and hemi-CBCs. As such, the morphotype was considered to represent a new species, and the name, P. malayense sp. nov., was proposed. Furthermore, OA was detected in P. caipirignum (3 pg cell-1) and P. lima (1.6 pg cell-1)and this is the first report of toxigenic P. caipirignum and P. lima from Malaysia. Other Prorocentrum species, however, showed no detectable OA. This study aimed to characterize Prorocentrum species morphologically and molecularly as well as to determine the production of DSP toxins from all the species found. |
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